Wireless LAN (WLAN)

A wireless local-area network (WLAN) is a network that enables devices to connect and communicate using radio waves instead of traditional wired connections. Devices in a WLAN, such as laptops, smartphones, printers, and other gadgets, can connect to each other and share resources like the internet and data files wirelessly. This form of networking is commonly known as Wi-Fi.

WLANs offer considerable flexibility and convenience for users. In a traditional wired network, devices must be physically connected with cables. With a WLAN, however, devices can connect from anywhere within the network's range, making it easier for work to happen anywhere within an office, home, or public space.

There are two main types of WLAN configurations: infrastructure and ad hoc. In an infrastructure WLAN, devices connect through a central device called an access point, often integrated with a router that connects to the internet. This setup is typical in homes and businesses, where a wireless router enables multiple devices to connect wirelessly to the network and internet. The access point manages network traffic and ensures that data reaches its intended destination.

An ad hoc WLAN, on the other hand, is a peer-to-peer network in which devices connect directly without needing an access point. This type of network is easier to set up and is useful for temporary or spontaneous connections, such as sharing files between nearby devices.

Security is a significant concern in WLANs because the network signals travel through the air and can be intercepted by unauthorized users. To protect WLANs, encryption methods like Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA/WPA2) are commonly used. These methods help ensure that only authorized users can access the network and that data transmitted over the network remains secure.

WLANs can also be expanded with additional access points to extend the network's range, allowing connections from more extensive areas. When multiple access points are used, the network can support seamless roaming, letting devices move from one access point to another without losing connection.

A mesh network is another advanced form of WLAN, where multiple access points communicate with each other to provide broader coverage and better reliability. This setup is especially useful in large buildings or areas where a single access point cannot cover the entire space effectively.